This song would mark the beginning of the end of the party-oriented DJs ruling hip-hop and bring in the next era of more socially conscious MC-driven rap. Up until , rhymes and raps had been relatively simple. Key players included Eric B.
Beat productions were denser, raps faster, and sampling technology skyrocketed. This also coincided with the time lyrics became a more vocal form of protest, focusing on the plight of social injustice, that was sparked by Melle Mel and Duke Bootee.
With the overwhelming popularity of rap, it was inevitable it would spread geographically. The late s saw the emergence of what are known as some of the most famous West Coast rappers, Too Short, N. These rappers came from economically depressed areas in Los Angeles and Oakland and their lyrics often were a reflection of their personal experiences. More controversial content and rhymes, including pimping, liquor, and other aspects of urban life that was not typically showcased on hit singles were features of their music.
One of N. This is also the time you see the foundation for the division between West Coast and East Coast rap begin to form. Oftentimes, people still discuss personal rap preferences from this era and beyond in terms of East Coast versus West Coast as a result in the evolution in stylistic and content decisions that came from the geographic divide in the two hotbeds for hip-hop. Aside from stylistic differences, there were also personal differences that caused the national rift, most iconically between Tupac Shakur and The Notorious B.
While the s witnessed the battle of the coasts, it also saw the explosion of women MCs into the game. While there was plenty of content antagonizing women, a few stepped forward to shift the tone of rap music for good, paving way for female rap stars as we know it today.
From the s on, well, the rest is history, as they say. Streaming and new technological advances allow for more nuances within the genre, helping out with sampling, beat development, and distribution methods.
Break-dancers would form dancer circles and save their best dance moves for the break. Overtime, breaking evolved and became a global subculture that transcended into the mainstream. Kool Herc also helped develop the rhythmic spoken delivery of rhymes and wordplay performed by MCs. He would speak in rhythm and rhyme over instrumental parts of songs to hype the crowd.
His style of lyrical chanting and rhythmic wordplay was an early form of rapping inspired by the Jamaican tradition of toasting. Kool Herc also enlisted his friend Coke La Rock to control the mic at their parties. He formed Universal Zulu Nation , a music-oriented organization that encourages peace and unity through the expressions of hip hop culture.
Members introduced urban youth to DJing, breakdancing, rapping, and visual art. To this day, Zulu Nation continues to spread hip hop culture throughout the world. Instead of rapping over funk beats, Bambaataa created an electronic sound by sampling Kraftwerk and using the Roland TR drum machine. The song helped popularize the TR, which became a staple of hip hop music. He was the first DJ to manipulate records in a backward, forward or counterclockwise motion. He also invented distinct DJing techniques such as the backspin, cutting, punch phrasing, and scratching.
The group became widely acknowledged as one of the most influential hip hop acts. Flash would also perform acrobatic DJing skills by manipulating vinyl with his fingers, toes, elbows, and objects. Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five had several influential songs. The powerful lyrics also detailed the grim realities of life in the ghetto, which was a significant shift from the traditional rhythmic chants of early hip hop. In , Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five made history again.
The group became the first hip hop act inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The early s was a vital turning point for hip hop and music production.
Synthesizers, samplers, and drum machines became cheaper and more accessible. Instead of relying on DJ breakbeats, music producers could now program original drum patterns. The TR also became a cornerstone of hip hop for its powerful bass drum sound. Sampling technology also emerged during the s. They used these samplers to piece together breaks in songs rather than using turntables.
Samplers also allowed producers to perform, rearrange sections, sequence arrangments, edit, and mix music in new ways. These production methods were an early form of remixing. Over time sampling technology advanced. A new generation of samplers such as the AKAI S provided increased memory, higher sampling rates, better editing capabilities, and more. Music producers experimented with techniques such as layering sounds, looping, sequencing elaborate arrangements, adding effects, and more.
Turntable and mixer technology also advanced. There was an increase of DJs scratching records to create new sounds and effects. The most influential turntable was the Technics SL due to its strong motor, durability, and fidelity. During the mid s and early s, hip hop spread across the country in full force. It brought an era that significantly transformed hip hop culture. Record labels recognized the genre as an emerging trend and invested a lot of money into the movement.
They were releasing records at a fast pace in response to the demand generated by local radio stations and club DJs. New scenes and different styles of hip hop also emerged from city to city as the culture popularized. However, hip hop music was still mostly experimental. Although, the new generation of hip hop producers had access to more advanced drum machines and samplers that allowed them to take hip hop music to the next level. No copyright laws protected music from being sampled, so artists could use samples from a variety of sources without legal troubles.
They were capturing samples from various genres ranging from jazz to rock music. However, sampling was not limited to music. The lyrical content of hip hop developed as well. The early rhythmic chants of the s progressed into metaphorical lyrics exploring a range of subjects. In , New York duo Eric B. In the late 80s, a new style of political hip hop developed when groups like Public Enemy began demanding political change and an end to injustice and racism.
The Fugees used elements of reggae and soul to create their own new style, and all-girl group Salt-N-Pepa created a fun new style of hip hop pop.
Later in the 90s, rappers like Common, Mos Def and Talib Kweli created a new style of socially-conscious hip hop when they began rapping about political and social issues over breakbeat grooves played by jazz and funk musicians. The most successful styles of the 90s were the hardcore rap of New York and the gangsta rap and G-Funk of Los Angeles.
New York's Wu-Tang Clan created one of the first hardcore styles when they rapped about gangster life over swinging hip hop beats with samples from martial-arts movies. In a young rapper named Nas released his first album Illmatic. Its loose mid-tempo beats, jazzy samples and Nas' poetic rapping made Illmatic one of hip hop's greatest albums.
Ice-T began by sampling funk rhythms and rapping about the dangers of drugs, crime and dropping out of school in tracks like s You Played Yourself. The members of NWA were from Compton, one of LA's poorest and most violent districts, and they rapped about the injustice and police violence in their neighbourhood. Their angry raps included a lot of explicit language, and the media attention this created helped their albums reach the top of the charts. G-Funk producers often sampled funk grooves by George Clinton's P-Funk groups Parliament and Funkadelic and slowed them down to create relaxed beats with funky bass lines, electronic effects and female backing vocals.
G-Funk rappers also rapped about gangsta-rap topics, but they focused on partying, drugs and sex more than violence, crime and guns.
Hardcore, gangsta and G-Funk rappers often adopted gangster images and their explicit language and the way they rapped about women upset many people. But many others, especially teenage boys, loved these styles and helped them become the sound of mainstream hip hop. Hip hop became a major genre of popular music in the 21st century, with hip hop singles and albums topping the charts worldwide.
Local hip hop scenes developed in many countries and produced successful artists like the UK's Dizzee Rascal and Canada's Drake. Hip hop has had a strong influence on 21st-century pop music, with many pop songs including elements of hip hop.
Pop singers and rappers often collaborate to produce tracks with catchy pop choruses and rapped verses like the single See You Again , a collaboration between pop singer Charlie Puth and rapper Wiz Khalifa that topped the charts in 96 countries in
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